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A labour of love spreading peace and harmony

By - Nov 14,2017 - Last updated at Nov 14,2017

Work by Jimmy Engineer from the ‘Lines That Talk’ exhibition on display at the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts through November 25 (Photo courtesy of the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts)

Nothing in the soft-spoken bearded man clad in salwar kameez gives an inkling that he is famous, but Pakistani artist, social worker, philanthropist and stamp designer Jimmy Engineer is an international artist and a global citizen who loves and cares for fellow human beings, especially the less fortunate.

But, above all, he is a “servant of Pakistan”, a name by which he does not mind going. And a being striving for excellence.

“All my life I wanted to achieve excellence. I wanted to show that Pakistan can be as positive and creative as any other nation. I served for over 40 years my country. In all exhibitions I promoted the positive side of Pakistan.”

And many are the countries and the exhibitions he held in the course of his life as an artist, so far: over 80 exhibitions in both his native country and abroad. 

His works are in private collections in 28 countries; the themes are historical, philosophical, land and seascapes, architectural and cultural compositions, both figurative and abstract, calligraphy, portraits and miniatures.

The artist’s name is the result of a Zoroastrian tradition whereby the profession becomes the name. Both his father and grandfather were engineers, a tradition he did not follow, having different inclinations early in life.

“I started drawing and using powder colours when I was 4,” he says giving an overview of his life and work at the Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts where he is exhibiting paper prints of his original oils on canvas and original drawings on paper.

His teacher? 

“Nature.”

And when you learn from a perfect mentor, “you will always remain a student”, he says with sincere humility.

When he was six, in 1960, doctors gave him three months to live because his kidneys were failing. He defied medicine and nature — subsequent X-ray showed he had “two new kidneys” — in an act he considers a “second chance”. And because he was given this second chance, he believes he has to give back. 

He does, generously.

“Nearly all my proceeds go to charities dealing with blind children, orphans, prisoners, widows, homeless and sick people.”

It makes this altruistic artist who lives in a two-room rented house happy to give.

“For me it is important to be a good human being. To serve humanity.”

Which he does through his art.

His charity work, including the many walks for different causes, is all about changing perceptions: of his country, Pakistan, when he exhibited in the US or Europe, of children with special needs when he took them to public spaces — zoos, 5-star hotels, restaurants — of inmates, particularly juvenile, for he believes “nobody is born a criminal. Society makes them what they are”.

His dedication has contributed to the bettering of the lives of hundreds of people, in his home country and elsewhere. But he also wishes to spread the message of peace and raise awareness about problems plaguing people, for which, besides painting, he would walk: for cancer, leprosy, education, law and order.

In one instance, in 1994, he went on an arduous 4,000-km walk on foot, sleeping in villages, “seeing what people need”. In 2001 he walked for peace between India and Pakistan, “daring” to pin the flags of both countries on the long white shirt he walked in — “now in the Peace Museum in Beijing” — an act of courage and peril.

Spreading harmony and peace seems to be his mission in life. 

In 2009, after an exhibition in Houston, Texas, the mayor made Engineer an honorary citizen of the city and a goodwill ambassador.

His good deeds are too many to mention. Talking to this unassuming man one would not guess that Mother Theresa knew and embraced him, that personalities far and wide court him, that he received accolades, travelled the world over and received over 70 Shields of Honour from various Pakistani and foreign organisations.

The prolific artist spent three years at the National College of Arts. He left without waiting for his degree, a paper validating an obvious talent, and has been living in Karachi ever since. 

His works count over 3,000 paintings, more than 1,000 calligraphic works, over 1,500 drawings and 700,000 prints in private collections.

He paints in different styles, always claiming to be the disciple of a perfect master, nature, and, as such, having to perpetually learn more.

Seeing his works, it is difficult not to find him modest.

The drawings, original, are mostly magnified details of the bigger paintings. The lines flow easily, masterfully, meeting and separating to form images of tender parent-child love, caring beings helping or consoling each other, sadness and desolation, or peaceful animals from some bucolic landscape the artist must have seen in his many walks.

The exhibition could not have had a more apt title, “Lines That Talk”, because Engineer’s lines do indeed tell stories of myriad people.

Like in the prints of his oil paintings — which must be a wonder to behold — which tell the story of the 1947 partition of India and Pakistan, with all the accompanying human dispossession, misery and tragedy.

They are also a “tribute to the struggle and sacrifices of the hundreds of thousands of men, women and children who created Pakistan”.

The images show masses in flight from burning villages, caravans, huddled people under a tree, the story of refugees everywhere, maybe more poignant here, where the narrative of dispossessed Palestinians is so familiar.

The colours, earthen with much reddish-maroon tint, are warm, soothing, almost belying the images they create.

Engineer’s architectural compositions are a labour of love. Painstaking details, layered, rich, images reflect Pakistani architecture, but also structures from India, Yemen, China and several other countries.

The compositions are such that “no building is off balance, jumping around”. Dense, yet with each image enjoying primacy, the filigree details of mosques, churches, buildings keep the eye prisoner, hungry for more.

The idea, in the artist’s 58 architectural compositions is that “if architecture [of different countries] can be brought together, people can be brought together”. Not surprising for someone seeking peace, harmony and the wellbeing of fellow human beings.

The “lines” Engineer makes talk are mesmerising. A quick glance would not do. One needs time to take all the details in, and then go over the images again and discover, with surprise, so many overlooked.

 

The exhibition runs through November 25.

Robotic-assisted surgery: more expensive, but not always more effective

By - Nov 14,2017 - Last updated at Nov 14,2017

Photo courtesy of gizmocrazed.com

Robotic-assisted surgery is much more expensive than other minimally invasive surgeries, but it does not improve outcomes of surgery for kidney tumours and rectal cancers. 

”The rapid increase in costly robot surgery in lieu of laparoscopic surgery without a definite advantage for the patient is a problem that can be applied not only to the urological field but also to the entire surgical field,” Dr In Gab Jeong from University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea told Reuters Health by e-mail. “This may lead to a huge increase in the cost of medical care that can be a significant burden on the healthcare system.” 

In robotic-assisted surgery, the same instruments used in laparoscopic surgery are connected to a robotic device that allows for 3-dimensional visualisation, greater range of motion of the instruments, and improved ergonomics for the surgeon. 

Extensive marketing and competition among hospitals have led to widespread use of robotic surgery for a broad range of procedures, but it remains controversial because of its increased costs and lack of evidence of improved outcomes compared with non-robotic minimally invasive approaches. 

In a study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Jeong’s team used a US database to compare outcomes and costs of robotic-assisted surgery versus laparoscopic surgery for extensive kidney surgery. 

In 2003, robotic-assisted surgery accounted for 1.5 per cent of operations in this setting; by 2015, it accounted for 27 per cent of surgeries. Laparoscopic surgeries declined in parallel during that period. 

After taking a variety of factors into account, robotic-assisted surgery had similar rates of major complications, blood transfusions, and prolonged hospital stays as laparoscopic surgery. 

But robotic-assisted surgery costs averaged $2678 (2272.67 euros) more than those associated with laparoscopic surgery, mainly as a result of longer operating room times and higher supply costs. 

“The development and use of robotic platforms might be helpful in patient care,” Jeong said. “However, scientific research on cost-effectiveness and safety has sometimes not been sufficiently conducted, and it is rapidly spreading in the medical field due to various reasons, such as marketing of the company, patient’s preference for the latest technology, and recommendations of the hospital/doctors.” 

In a second study in the same issue of the journal, Dr David Jayne from St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK and colleagues from 29 centres in 10 countries investigated whether robotic-assisted surgery was less likely to require conversion to open surgery, compared with conventional laparoscopic surgery, in 471 patients who were having rectal cancers removed. 

The average surgery time was 37.5 minutes longer in the robotic-assisted group than in the conventional laparoscopic group, but the robotic devices did not reduce the need to convert some of the operations to open surgery. 

Nor did the robotic devices reduce complication rates, either during the procedure or within 30 days after the procedure. 

As in the kidney surgery study, healthcare costs were significantly higher with robotic-assisted surgery than with conventional laparoscopic surgery, by an average $1132 (961.32 euros). 

“Robotic surgery is a technical advance in minimally invasive surgery, but the current robotic system is too expensive to justify its unselected use in rectal cancer,” Jayne told Reuters Health by e-mail. “There is a need for robotic systems to be competitively priced to enable advanced surgeries, such as rectal cancer surgery, to be cost-effective.” 

“The area of robotic surgery will change appreciably in the near future as other manufacturers bring robotic surgical systems onto the market,” he said. “This will open up competition and should push costs down.” 

“Whether robotic-assisted surgery for some procedures represents ‘value’ for either the individual patient or the health care system is unlikely,” writes Dr Jason D. Wright from Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York in a related editorial. 

 

“From a policy perspective, robotic-assisted surgery exemplifies the difficulty of balancing surgical innovation with evidence-based medicine,” he concludes. “Both the generation of high-quality evidence evaluating new procedures and then the utilisation of this evidence to guide practice should remain priorities for surgical disciplines.” 

Audi Q5 2.0 TFSI: Convenient, comfortable and capable

By - Nov 13,2017 - Last updated at Nov 13,2017

Photo courtesy of Audi

Audi’s most popular car next to the A5 saloon, the outgoing Q5 mid-size SUV sold over 1.6 million cars and leaves big shoes for the second generation model to fill. A task that it is convincingly capable of, the latest generation Audi Q5 is a clearly improved and more focused machine, but one that is nonetheless evolutionary in tone. Launched for the 2017 model year and arriving in the Middle East in September, the Audi Q5 is initially offered either with a 2-litre engine as tested, or in 3-litre SQ5 performance guise.

 

Sculpted and snouty

 

Progressive in terms of design, the new Mexican-built Audi Q5 is slightly longer and, with slightly longer wheelbase, is more spacious than its predecessor. Also more powerful and efficient than before, the new Q5 is, however, up to 90kg lighter, depending on model, owing to a greater use of lightweight aluminium and high tensile strength steel in construction. Built on a new platform, it features multi-link suspension all round and optional active air suspension, as tested in Salalah, Oman, during a regional launch event, for improved ride and handling. 

Tauter, sharper and with more emphasis on a perception of width and a sporty demeanour, the new Q5’s fascia features a more sculpted bumper, bigger side intakes, more heavily browed and moodier headlights with distinctive LED signature, and a bigger, snoutier and more heavily outlined hexagonal grille design. Bodywork features more defined ridges and character lines and, and more muscular shoulders, while a relatively level waistline and descending roofline lend it an elegant stance and provides good visibility, while wide lights and upturned lower bumper insert with integrated exhaust ports make it seem ready to pounce from rear views.

 

Seamless delivery

 

Powered by an in-line turbocharged 2-litre 4-cylinder engine positioned low and just ahead of the front axle, the Q5 2.0 TFSI develops 248BHP throughout 5000-6000rpm and 273lb/ft torque at a broad and versatile 1600-4500rpm band. Producing 22BHP and 15lb/ft more than its predecessor yet 50kg lighter, as tested, the Q5 accelerates through 0-100km/h in 6.3-seconds, is capable of 237km/h and returns 7.1l/100km combined cycle fuel efficiency. Responsive from standstill, with quick-spooling turbo, muscular mid-range and seamlessly progressive transition to top-end power, the Q5 proved confident and brisk through steep winding hill climbs and country lanes.

Ostensibly powering all four wheels through a slick, smooth and swift shifting 7-speed automated dual clutch gearbox, the new Q5 features a revised Quattro four-wheel-drive mechanism. Traditionally a full-time four-wheel-drive system, the Q5’s new Quattro Ultra system features a multi-plate clutch in place of a self-locking differential, and can disengage drive to the rear wheels to reduce friction losses and power required to drive them. Setting off from standstill with all four wheels engaged for sure-footed traction, Quattro Ultra soon disengages the rear wheels and re-enges automatically and when necessary in just 0.2-seconds.

 

Settled and smooth

 

Automatically active in all driving modes, Quattro Ultra, however, keeps four-wheel-drive engaged more often in Dynamic mode and less so in other modes. During a test drive on winding roads and moderate off-road routes in Salalah, the Q5’s Quattro Ultra system seemed to be seamless in operation, with one not even realizing the absence of four-wheel-drive in most normal driving situations. Meanwhile on moderate off-road routes, Quattro re-engaged to provide necessary traction over loose surfaces. The Q5 ride height can also be raised by 45mm with optional adaptive air dampers for better off-road ability.

Smooth, refined and stable at speed and when cruising, the Q5’s adaptive air suspension keeps it comfortable over imperfections despite optional 255/45R20 low profile tires, and well wards off body lean through corners. Over sudden crests and dips, it is settled on pitch and rebound. Steering is precise, quick and meaty, if not particularly nuanced for road feel. Into corners, the Q5 turns tidily, with understeer well-contained despite its front-biased weighting. Committed through a corner, one can, however, nudge its weight out and to the rear to tighten a cornering line before reapplying power and traction to power out onto a straight.

 

Ergonomic and elegant

 

Elegantly inside with an emphasis on horizontal lines and width, the Q5’s cabin is finished with quality materials and textures, and features a perfectly centred driving position, with seat, steering wheel pedals, and configurable virtual cockpit instrument lining up exactly and ergonomically. With good space to seat five, the Q5 features improved cabin room over its predecessor, while cargo volume also rises by 10-litres, with a minimum 550-litres capacity expanding to 1550-litres with the rear seats folded down. The Q5’s air suspension can also lower the body by 55mm for easier loading and cabin access. 

 

Well equipped with convenience, infotainment and safety features, the Q5 comes with standard power tailgate with a sensor for hands-free automatic operation, while pneumatic massaging seats and head’s up display are optional. In addition to an optional 12.3-inch Virtual Cockpit screen, the Q5 features an 8.3-inch infotainment screen with touch pad and natural voice input, a rear tablet style entertainment system and optional Band & Olufsen sound system. Driver assistance and safety systems include hill descent, side, park, rear cross traffic, turn and collision avoidance assistance, Audi Pres-sense safety and other features.

 

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

 

Engine: 2-litre, turbocharged, in-line 4-cylinders

Bore x stroke: 82.5 x 92.8mm

Compression ratio: 9.6:1

Valve-train: 16-valve, DOHC, direct injection

Gearbox: 7-speed dual clutch automated, four-wheel-drive

Ratios: 1st 3.188; 2nd 2.19; 3rd 1.517; 4th 1.057; 5th 0.738; 6th 0.557; 7th 0.433

Reverse/final drive: 2.75/5.302

Power, BHP (PS) [kW]: 248 (252) [185] @5000-6000rpm

Specific power: 125BHP/litre 

Power-to-weight: 138.1BHP/tonne (kerb)

Torque, lb/ft (Nm): 273 (370) @1600-4500rpm

Specific torque: 186.5Nm/litre

Torque-to-weight: 206.1Nm/tonne (kerb)

0-100km/h: 6.3-seconds

Top speed: 237km/h

Fuel consumption, urban/extra-urban/combined: 8.6-/6.3-/7.1-litres/100km 

CO2 emissions, combined: 162g/km

Fuel capacity: 70-litres

Length: 4663mm

Width: 1893mm

Height: 1659mm

Wheelbase: 2819mm

Track, F/R: 1616/1609mm

Loading height: 759mm

Aerodynamic drag co-efficient: 0.30

Headroom, F/R: 1059/998mm

Shoulder width, F/R: 1466/1438mm

Luggage volume, min/max: 550-/1550-litres

Unladen/kerb weight: 1720kg/1795kg

Steering: Electric-assisted rack & pinion

Turning Circle: 11.7-metres

Suspension: Multi-link, anti-roll bars, adaptive air suspension

Brakes: Ventilated discs

Tyres: 255/45R20

Price, starting at: JD60,606

Ford line-up among latest cars making regional debuts in Dubai

By - Nov 13,2017 - Last updated at Nov 13,2017

2018 Ford Mustang GT (Photo courtesy of Ford)

Opening its doors to the public this evening and held once every two years, the Dubai International Motor Show (DIMS) is the region’s premier automotive exhibition. The biggest such show in the Middle East region and benefitting from the fact that most automotive brands’ regional headquarters are based in Dubai, DIMS plays host to the biggest number of regional car and technology reveals and launches, concept appearances, announcements and the occasional world premiere for certain cars pitched specifically at the Middle East.

Held at the sprawling 85,000sq/m Dubai World Trade Center during 14-18 November, DIMS 2017 will be the first chance for car buyers and enthusiasts to see many of the latest and most advanced road and concept cars in the flesh and in the Middle East, rather than at the more traditional European motor expos. And while it is traditional for regional motoring press to tour the show in the morning, and ahead of the general public, Ford has thus revealed its headlining trio of cars to media ahead of the show, at the Concrete gallery in Dubai’s Quoz industrial district.

Making first appearances in the Middle East, the Ford stand at DIMS 2017 will heavily feature revised 2018 incarnations of the iconic and attainable Ford Mustang muscle car and America’s long-running and best-selling full-size F150 pick-up truck. However, centre stage is expected to be reserved for the long-awaited new generation full-size Expedition SUV. All now available with 10-speed automatic gearboxes for enhanced efficiency, performance and versatility, with the Mustang and F150 featuring updated styling. Meanwhile the 2018 Expedition is all-new and features unique smart technologies and class-leading towing capability, according to Ford.

Expected to perform particularly well in the Middle3 East and Gulf Cooperation Council markets, where vast American and Japanese SUVs are popular family vehicles, the new Expedition is built on a tough steel frame and lightweight aluminium body, and is powered by a second generation twin-turbo 3.5-litre V6 Ecoboost engine developing 400BHP and 450lb/ft torque. A rugged off-roader with four-wheel-drive, low ratio transfer and locking differential, the Expedition also features a seven-mode Terrain Management System for various off-road driving conditions, including sand.

Smart, versatile and spacious, the new Expedition boasts an adaptable seven-seat cabin with claimed class-leading second and third row legroom and easy access to the third row without removing a second row child seat. On board infotainment systems also include smartphone connectivity, wireless charging and numerous featur. Meanwhile, advanced driver assistance features a sensor, camera and radar systems for parking, lane-keeping, blind spots, stop and go cruise control, collision avoidance and pro Trailer Backup Assist, for safe and easy reversing manoeuvres when towing. 

Other manufacturers expected to make a particular impact at the DIMS 2017 include Audi, which is set to debut its highly advanced A8 luxury flagship saloon, Audi Sport skunkworks RS5 high performance coupe and GT4 category R8 LMS GT4 race car. Fellow German brand and rival Mercedes-Benz are however expected to showcase the Formula 1-derived AMG Project One hypercar. Other cars of note expected to debut regionally include the compact, efficient and capable Jeep Compass and the stylish Jaguar XF Sportbrake, among six models from the Tata Motors-owned British premium brand.

 

Dubai Motor Show 2017 – Highlights

 

Ford Expedition

 

As formidable as ever and vastly spacious, the new Expedition is however somewhat of a design departure. Gone are the old Expedition’s rising and stepped bonnet and wings, and roofline, low waistline and huge glasshouse. Instead, the new Expedition features more straight lines, a broad and contemporary fascia, high waistline and bonnet and faintly descending roofline, as is the current fashion. Under its rugged yet light aluminium skin, it features a versatile cabin, capable drive-train and plenty of safety and infotainment tech.

 

Ford Mustang GT

 

Face-lifted for a leaner and meaner appearance with squinty headlights, redesigned rear and bonnet, the 2018 Mustang is also more aerodynamic. More customisable with new paints, customisable digital instrument panel and active exhaust, the Mustang also features an improved manual gearbox option and rear suspension rates, and more advanced safety and driver assistance systems. Under the hood, the naturally-aspirated 5-litre V8 GT version also now develops 460BHP — up from 435BHP — while the turbocharged 2.3-litre four-cylinder version now produces a more muscular 350lb/ft torque.

 

Ford F150

 

America’s best-selling vehicle for 35-years, the latest F150 is the best yet and is not upgraded with an improved engine line-up, segment-first 10-speed automatic gearbox and six-tonne towing capacity. Improved for 2018, the F150’s turbocharged 3.5-litre V6 Ecoboost engine now develops 375BHP and its 5-litre V8 is enhanced to 395BHP, while a new entry-level turbocharged 3.3-litre V6 Ecoboost delivers 290BHP. The F150 now also boasts a sophisticated suite of driver assistance and safety systems including Pre-Collision Assist with Pedestrian Detection and adaptive stop and go cruise control.

 

Audi A8

 

Launched globally just weeks ago, the Audi A8 ups the ante in the German-dominated flagship luxury saloon segment with across the board 48v mild hybrid technology, sophisticated electro-mechanical predictive suspension and the most advanced level three production car autonomous driving and artificial intelligence systems.

 

Audi RS5

 

A direct descendent of the legendary 1980s Audi Quattro — if not actively promoted as such — the latest four-wheel-drive 3-litre V6 RS5 performance coupe sheds weight and two cylinders, gains two turbos and more driver assistance and infotainment tech, and is ready to do battle with the BMW M4 and Mercedes-AMG C63 Coupe.

 

Mercedes-AMG Project One

 

Derived directly from the race circuit, the Mercedes-AMG Project One is a mid-engine plug-in hybrid hypercar with a detuned turbocharged Formula 1 engine developing some 1000BHP and capable of revving to 11000prm and a top speed in excess of 350km/h.

 

Jeep Compass

 

Compact yet capable new generation Compass is styled to resemble the rugged and luxurious Jeep Grand Cherokee. Spacious, versatile and efficient, the Compass model range also includes a trail-rated Trailhawk version with bona fide off-road credentials expected of a Jeep.

 

Jaguar XF Sportbrake

 

 

Stylish and versatile, if not as cavernous as boxier designs, the Jaguar XF Sportbrake is the executive estate that the more hardcore car enthusiasts and some European customers wanted. However, it is unlikely to hold wide appeal in the Middle East, where car buyers are more likely to prefer its XF saloon and F-Pace SUV sisters.

This supernova was supposed to die — until it got brighter

By - Nov 12,2017 - Last updated at Nov 12,2017

An artist’s impression of a supernova (Photo courtesy of NASA/TNS)

Talk about going out with a bang — and then another bang. Astronomers at Las Cumbres Observatory have discovered a supernova that has been shining for years instead of mere months, surviving far beyond its expected lifespan.

The strange and still-going stellar explosion, described in the journal Nature, defies scientists’ understanding of dying stars and may force them to rethink their ideas of how stars evolve.

“The supernova offers astronomers their greatest thrill: something they do not understand,” Stan Woosley of the University of California, Santa Cruz, who was not involved in the study, wrote in a commentary.

The supernova known as iPTF14hls didn’t seem like anything out of the ordinary when it was picked up in September 2014 by the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory telescope near San Diego. The supernova sits some 500 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major. Astronomers checked in on it every so often, eventually classifying the bright object as a type II-P supernova that was already beginning to grow dim.

Supernovas are powerful explosions, putting out the brightness of around 100 million suns, but that beacon in the night sky lasts only 100 days or so before fading away. There are a few that might last more than 130 days, but those are very rare. So after a while, astronomers largely ignored iPTF14hls, expecting it would ultimately disappear into the night.

That changed after UC Santa Barbara undergraduate student Zheng Chuen Wong, who was interning at the observatory, was asked to go through old data and see whether anything unusual stuck out. He noticed iPTF14hls still shining some 135 to 140 days since being discovered — and it wasn’t fading. It was getting brighter.

“When he showed it to me, my first reaction was, ‘Well that can’t be a supernova — it must be something else’,” lead author Iair Arcavi, an astrophysicist with UC Santa Barbara and Las Cumbres, a Goleta, Calif.-based global observatory network.

Arcavi figured they’d get a spectrum of the star, splitting its light into a rainbow to read its chemical fingerprint, and they’d figure out what it really was.

“And I was really shocked when it did look like a supernova in the spectrum,” he said. “In fact, it looked like the most common type of supernova. It was the last thing I was expecting to see.”

They kept watching. The supernova ultimately stayed bright for more than 600 days, blowing away the competition. And yet, in spite of its advanced age, it looked like a supernova that was just two months or so old.

It was as jarring as meeting a 600-year-old human — one who looked no older than 60, Arcavi said.

On top of that, iPTF14hls did not follow the normal path for a supernova, Woosley pointed out. It appeared to vary in brightness by as much as 50 per cent, implying that it might be exploding and fading over and over again. It was far more luminous than your typical type II-P supernova, and it had clearly let off far more energy than its peers simply by outlasting them.

“It means there’s definitely another way for stars to explode that doesn’t destroy them completely so they can do it multiple times,” Arcavi said.

What was feeding this mysterious series of explosions? Arcavi and his colleagues narrowed down the possibilities. Perhaps a fast-spinning neutron star, a magnetar, was behind the repeated explosions — but that would mean the supernova should have started out far brighter than this one did. Perhaps the colliding shells of high-speed matter seen in another kind of supernova, known as type IIn, were causing this supernova to shine — but iPTF14hls wasn’t producing the X-rays and radio waves that would be expected if that were happening.

Instead, scientists think this supernova may be a pulsational-pair instability supernova. In this scenario, the inside of a monster star with the mass of 100 suns becomes so hot that some of its energy turns into matter and antimatter. If that happens, the core becomes unstable, triggering an explosion that blows off the star’s outer layers, Arcavi said. If true, iPTF14hls would be the first example of this kind of supernova ever seen.

The researchers looked back in their data from 1954 and found a luminous object right where iPTF14hls sits in the sky. In their data from 1993, that object was gone. It seems iPTF14hls has been slowly flickering for more than half a century.

Even with this theory, not everything lines up, Arcavi said. For example, the star should have blown off all of its hydrogen in its mid-century episode, but the star clearly has plenty of hydrogen left.

“I’ve never seen anything like this,” Arcavi said. “Usually when you see a weird supernova or something for the first time there’s some explanation and then you find more and you work it out. But this one is just defying all of the explanations we have. There’s no model or theory that can fully explain this.”

Sectarianism is not inevitable

By - Nov 12,2017 - Last updated at Nov 12,2017

A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi’is
John McHugo
London: Saqi Books, 2017
Pp. 347

Aside from the intrinsic fascination that history holds for many, the ultimate rational for studying it is to glean lessons that might help in designing a better world for the future. “A Concise History of Sunnis and Shi’is” certainly meets this criterion by tackling a current issue, sectarianism, that has brought so much suffering to people in the Middle East and beyond, in recent years. British scholar John McHugo guides the reader through Muslim history from the time of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, until today, to reach a potentially game-changing conclusion: “Co-operation across the sectarian divide has always been possible. There is nothing inevitable about conflict between Sunnis and Shi’is.” (p. 306)

It is no mean feat to cover over 1400 years of history in a book that is correctly termed concise. McHugo strikes a good balance between charting overall trends and highlighting significant details as he reviews the development of Islam from a small community of believers into an empire, subsequently multiple empires, and finally the majority religion in the Arab countries, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan. (The book also includes India and Indonesia when relevant to the focus on Sunni-Shi’i relations.)

McHugo covers the teachings of a broad array of Muslim scholars, both Sunni and Shi’i, and the debates among them, whether on religious doctrine or on the relation of religion to state power. His descriptions of the political and economic context in which these debates occurred is masterful, and his profiles of the leading figures at different stages are fascinating. His charting of migration patterns that spread Islam and its different branches to various locations is very instructive, especially since he ties it into today’s demographic realities as to where Sunnis and Shi’is are found.

Throughout this historical review, it is eye-catching that most instances of Sunni-Shi’i discord have occurred in conjunction with power struggles, even when they appeared to involve doctrinal disputes. For example, harsh measures taken by Ottoman sultans against their Shi’i subjects in the 16th century were mainly motivated by fear that the latter might support the rival Safavid Empire. Many contrary examples are also cited of political and religious leaders who in some way straddled the Sunni-Shi’i divide, or attempted to close the gap between them, such as Emperor Akbar, a Sunni Muslim who headed the Mughal Empire that covered most of India in the 16th century. He instituted a policy of universal tolerance which gained the loyalty of Sunnis, Shi’is and Hindus alike, and precluded sectarian strife. McHugo also notes the bridging role of Sufism which over the centuries “could seem to come remarkably close to Shi’ism, while technically remaining Sunni”. (p. 138)

In fact, before the advent of colonialism, the only significant trend within Sunni Islam that was uncompromisingly opposed to Shi’ism was the movement begun by Ibn Abd Al Wahhab, about whom McHugo writes, “Although he saw himself as uniting Muslims, his actions divided communities against themselves, and those divisions persist to this day.” (p. 176) 

The book is logically divided into two parts with the second part covering the last 200 years starting with the colonial era and the imposition of Western dominance. “The Muslim world has been a very different place during this period, no longer able to set its own terms of reference and decide its own agendas.” (p. 185)

While, initially, the need of Muslim societies to defend themselves from colonial penetration led to greater Sunni-Shi’i cooperation, over time Western hegemony enacted huge political and economic changes that sometimes widened the gap between the two. 

McHugo analyses the interplay between pan-Islamism and Arab nationalism, and how the former eventually surpassed the latter, as well as the impact of colonial policies and flawed state formations on Sunni-Shi’i relations. In his review of the earth-shaking events that have marked the Middle East from the Iranian Revolution to the rise of Daesh, it once again becomes apparent that most sectarian conflict has had political and/or socioeconomic, rather than religious, roots, and has been exacerbated by imperialist intervention, most obviously in the case of Iraq. He cites numerous examples of how various regimes have exploited the Sunni-Shi’i divide to their own purposes, to keep their own population under control or to increase their regional clout — all building up to the disastrous situation of today.

McHugo does not view reality through rose-tinted glasses, yet the book gives cause for hope by taking a long view of history: “There have always been tensions between Sunnis and Shi’is, but there has never been sectarian strife between them to compare with the wars of religion and persecutions of the Reformation in Christian Europe…” (p. 304)

If class factors once trumped sectarianism in Iraq, if sectarianism was absent in Yemen until the 21st century, if people of all persuasions rose up across the region for freedom and dignity only a few years ago, the tide can turn again. 

Risk of irregular heart rhythm rises with weight and age

By - Nov 12,2017 - Last updated at Nov 12,2017

Photo courtesy of kardiomatters.com

The risk of developing an irregular heart rhythm increases as people age and become overweight or obese, spiking after age 50 for men and age 60 for women, a recent study suggests. 

Researchers examined data on almost 80,000 people, ages 24 to 97, in four European studies. When they joined the studies, none of the participants had atrial fibrillation. 

After following half of the participants for at least 13 years — and some of them for nearly 28 years — researchers found that 4.4 per cent of the women and 6.4 per cent of the men had developed atrial fibrillation. Compared to people who did not develop atrial fibrillation, those who did had a tripled risk of dying during the study period, researchers report in Circulation. 

Excess weight explained most of the increased risk with atrial fibrillation, said study author Dr Christina Magnussen of the University Heart Centre Hamburg in Germany. 

“For each additional 10 pounds, the atrial fibrillation rate increases by 31 per cent in men and by 18 per cent in women,” Magnussen said by e-mail. “As [weight] is a modifiable risk factor, we advise weight reduction for both women and men.” 

In atrial fibrillation, the upper chambers of the heart, or atria, quiver instead of beating to move blood effectively. 

Few people developed atrial fibrillation before age 50, the study found. 

By age 90, roughly one in four men and women had the condition. 

High cholesterol did not appear to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. In fact, the opposite held true, especially for women. 

The study was not a controlled experiment designed to prove whether or how specific risk factors like high cholesterol or obesity might increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. Some people also might have had undiagnosed atrial fibrillation when they joined the study. 

Even so, the results add to the evidence that the risk of atrial fibrillation decreases with weight loss, said Dr Jonathan C. Hsu, a researcher at the University of California, San Diego, who was not involved in the study. 

“As the body ages or gains weight, inflammatory molecules may be released into the blood,” Hsu said by e-mail. “This type of inflammation may affect the heart and increase the risk of developing atrial fibrillation.” 

Both men and women can reduce their odds of heart problems such as atrial fibrillation by improving their overall health and losing weight, Hsu added. 

“Prior studies have shown that the lifetime risk of developing atrial fibrillation is one in four, with increasing age, elevated blood pressure, obesity, smoking and alcohol consumption being major risk factors, said Dr Gregg Fonarow, a researcher at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was not involved in the study. 

“This study further highlights that maintaining a healthy body weight and blood pressure, and not smoking, can substantially lower the risk of developing atrial fibrillation,” Fonarow said by e-mail. 

Climate target too low and progress too slow — top scientist

By - Nov 11,2017 - Last updated at Nov 11,2017

Photo courtesy of criticbrain.com

BONN — The world must sharply draw down greenhouse gas emissions and suck billions of tonnes of carbon dioxide from the air if today’s youth are to be spared climate cataclysm, a top scientist has warned.

“This reality is being ignored by governments around the world,” said James Hansen, who famously announced to the US Congress 30 years ago that global warming was underway.

“To say that we are ‘moving in the right direction’ just isn’t good enough anymore,” he said in an interview.

Head of NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies until 2013, Hansen and his 18-year-old granddaughter — who is suing the US government for contributing to the problem — delivered that message this week at UN climate negotiations in Bonn.

Thousands of diplomats at the 12-day, 196-nation talks are haggling over the fine print of a “user’s manual” for a treaty that will go into effect in 2020.

Inked in the French capital in 2015, the Paris Agreement calls for capping global warming at 2ºC.

With the planet out of kilter after only one degree of warming — enough to amplify deadly heatwaves, superstorms and droughts — the treaty also vows to explore the feasibility of holding the line at 1.5ºC. 

“That is a good impulse, because if we go to 2ºC, it is guaranteed that we will lose our shorelines and coastal cities,” said Hansen. 

“The only question is how fast.”

Earth’s surface temperature, the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, and sea levels have all changed in lock-step over hundreds of millions of years, he pointed out.

In 2016, atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas — tipped over 403 parts per million (ppm), 40 per cent above the pre-industrial average and the highest level in at least 800,000 years, the UN’s weather agency reported this week. 

 

‘Proven prescient’

 

Even under optimistic scenarios, that number is projected to rise for decades. 

What’s the limit for a climate-safe world?

The UN’s science advisory body, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), has said we can “likely” stay under the 2ºC threshold if CO2 levels don’t exceed 450 ppm by 2100.

For Hansen, that’s a recipe for disaster.

Meltwater from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets could add metres to sea levels by 2100, he has calculated.

“The last time in Earth’s history that CO2 concentrations were at 450 ppm, sea level was 25 metres higher,” he noted.

When writer and environmentalist Bill McKibben decided a decade ago to launch a campaign to fight global warming, he asked the world’s best known climate scientist what he should call it.

“He had in mind the name ‘450.org’,” Hansen recalled. 

By coincidence, Hansen was about to publish a major study that concluded the ceiling for CO2 levels should be 350 ppm, at most. 

Thus was born 350.org, probably the largest grassroots climate action organisation in the world.

“Hansen does make a compelling case that many climate change impacts are occurring sooner and with greater magnitude than we expected,” said Michael Mann, director of the Earth System Science Centre at Pennsylvania State University.

“Jim’s past predictions have proven prescient and we do indeed ignore him at our peril.”

“Hansen’s contributions to the basic science of climate change are fundamental to our current understanding — no one has contributed more,” said Michael Oppenheimer, a professor of geosciences and international affairs at Princeton University.

 

Climate negligence

 

Even if humanity succeeds in bending down the curve of greenhouse emissions far sooner than currently seems imaginable, it would not be fast enough to bring CO2 levels back to 350 ppm by century’s end, according to Hansen. 

“You would have to extract 150 billion tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere,” more than 10 times the amount we emit each year, he said.

The technology to do that does not currently exist.

At 76, Hansen is thinking a lot about and what kind of world young people will be inheriting. 

So is his granddaughter, Sophie Kivlehan, a first year university student in the United States. 

Along with 20 of her peers, Kivlehan has sued the US federal government for what might best be called climate negligence. 

“When the US Constitution says ‘We the People,’ that means young people too,” she said in an interview. 

“We have constitutional rights, and those rights are being violated.”

The case is currently wending its way through the federal court system, and could one day wind up before the supreme court, one of the lawyers representing the plaintiffs told AFP.

Government attempts to have the case thrown out have failed.

 

Despite his grim predictions, Hansen has not thrown his hands up in despair. He continues, for example, to campaign for a direct tax on fossil fuels as the only realistic way to achieve the necessary cuts.

Exercise may help prevent low back pain or make it less severe

By - Nov 11,2017 - Last updated at Nov 11,2017

Photo courtesy of wordpress.com

People who exercise may lower their odds of developing low back pain or may reduce the intensity of back pain they do experience, a research review suggests. 

Compared to people who did not exercise, those who did were 33 per cent less likely to develop low back pain, the analysis of data from 16 previously published studies found. Pairing exercise with patient education about back pain was associated with 27 per cent lower odds of developing low back pain, the study also found. 

“The study shows that exercises for strengthening and stretching the lumbar and abdominal muscles, or a combination of strengthening and aerobic exercises protect against low back pain,” said lead study author Dr Rahman Shiri of the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health in Helsinki. 

“Furthermore, exercise reduces the severity of low back pain as well as disability due to low back pain,” Shiri said by e-mail. 

The researchers analysed results from previous experiments that randomly assigned people with or without back pain to start different exercise routines. They also looked at some studies that compared exercise alone or exercise paired with education. 

Altogether, the studies in the analysis had a total of 4,310 participants. Individual studies ranged in size from 30 to 901 participants and followed people for 2 to 24 months. 

Many of the trials included stretching exercises and some looked at strengthening, aerobic fitness, endurance, balance, coordination and motor skills. 

Four studies were conducted in Japan, three in Denmark, two in Sweden and one each in Canada, Finland, Italy, New Zealand, Thailand, the UK and the United States. 

Five studies only included people who did not have back pain to see if they developed it, while the rest included participants with and without back pain. 

Exercise alone, compared to no physical activity, was associated with a 38 per cent lower risk of disability due to low back pain, an analysis of five studies found. Adding patient education to exercise got similar results, one study concluded. 

While exercise appeared to also lower the chances that participants would seek medical care or go on sick leave for low back pain, the difference was too small to rule out the possibility that it was due to chance. 

One limitation of the review is that it focused on people in the general population, so it is possible the impact of exercise might be different for individuals already suffering from low back pain, the authors note in the American Journal of Epidemiology. 

Another drawback is that the analysis did not explore whether one type of exercise might be better than another for preventing low back pain, said Steven George, a researcher at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, who was not involved in the study. 

“This study also could not separate the physical and mental benefits of exercise,” George said by e-mail. “My guess is that the individual gets the benefit of both with exercise.” 

Any exercise people like may help as long as they do it often enough, said Bruno Saragiotto, a public health researcher at the University of Sydney in Australia who was not involved in the review. Ideally, people should get at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity activity, he said by e-mail. 

“Fortunately, the type of exercise seems less important,” Saragiotto added. 

Many other things people try for back pain — like braces, special mattresses and custom footwear — have not been found to help like exercise has, noted Julie Fritz, a researcher at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City who was not involved in the review. 

 

“This current study helps to reinforce and strengthen further our knowledge that exercise is about the only thing that consistently results in reduced risk of developing back pain,” Fritz said by e-mail. “For patients who have had prior episodes of back pain, exercise helps reduce the risk of a new episode.” 

Fish, fish oil supplements can prevent childhood asthma

By - Nov 09,2017 - Last updated at Nov 09,2017

Photo courtesy of precisionnutrition.com

TAMPA — A new review of research into fish oil consumption in pregnant women has found that eating fish and taking supplements are both equally likely to protect children from developing asthma.

Carried out by researchers at the University of South Florida in Tampa, the scientific review looked at two studies before concluding that children whose mothers consumed high-dose omega-3 fatty acids daily during the third trimester, whether from fish or supplements, were less likely to develop breathing problems.

The first study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, looked at 346 pregnant women in their 3rd trimester who took omega-3 fatty acids daily and 349 women who took a placebo. It found that women with the lowest blood levels benefited the most from fish oil supplementation.

The second study randomised pregnant women in their third trimester into fish oil, placebo and “no oil” groups.

The fish oil group took omega-3 fatty acids supplements daily, whilst the placebo group was given olive oil daily.

The “no oil” group was informed about the aims of the study, and were told that if they wanted, they could consume either fish oil supplements or fish during the third trimester.

The results showed that children of women in the fish oil and the “no oil” groups took less asthma medication as they aged to 24 years old, suggesting that both groups, whether consuming supplements or fish, developed less asthma.

Co-authors of the review, Richard Lockey, MD, and Chen Hsing Lin, MD, also suggest that pregnant women receive the same benefit as supplements if they follow the Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency’s recommendation to consume 225-349 grammes (2-3 servings) of low mercury fish per week.

“Omega-3 fatty acids cannot be synthesised by humans and therefore are essential nutrients which are derived exclusively from marine sources,” said Lin. “It may be premature to recommend daily high dose fish oil supplementation during the third trimester.”

“With almost equal to slightly higher cost, consuming 225-349 grammes [2-3 servings] of fish a week not only may attain the same asthma protection, but strengthens the nutritional benefits to infant growth and development,” said Lockey.

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