You are here

Local

Local section

Rise, decline of Faynan's copper industry in Early Iron Age

By - Mar 20,2025 - Last updated at Mar 20,2025

Photo courtesy of Piotr Bienkowski

AMMAN — The scholar Piotr Bienkowski studied archaeology at Liverpool University (BA and PhD) before he got involved in Jordanian Iron Age sites in 1980.

The founding director of the British Institute at Amman for Archaeology and History (now the Council for British Research in the Levant),Crystal Bennett, invited Bienkowski to join her excavation in Busayra, the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Edom.

Regarding his work in Wady Faynan, Bienkowski said: "Faynan was a major centre of copper production during the Early Bronze and early Iron ages, with a gap for most of the Middle and Late Bronze ages. In the early Iron Age, its copper was exported as far as the Aegean."

The scholar added that the excavations by the professor Tom Levy and his team at Faynan concluded that local nomadic tribes created a complex polity at early Iron Age Faynan at the beginning of the 10th century BC, that was responsible for copper production.

They argued that this was in effect the beginning of the kingdom of Edom, about 200 years earlier than previously thought.

"My review of the archaeological evidence indicates that the sudden change at Faynan at the beginning of the 10th century BC, with an abrupt introduction of sophisticated copper technology at a vastly increased scale, monumental buildings, social hierarchy and sudden appearance of imports, cannot be attributed to the local nomads, as the evidence shows that they were not actively involved in copper production at that time and were unconnected to the industrial developments," Bienkowski explained.

He added that the evidence displays all the attributes of an external take-over of copper production, and points instead overwhelmingly to Tel Masos as the instigator of the industrial boom.

The scenario that best fits the evidence is that Tell Masos, a major site in the Negev, took direct control of copper production at Faynan and developed it as an industrial site to exponentially increase the copper trade – Masos had the resources, technical skills, an architectural tradition, and connections to trade networks that the local nomads lacked, and which transformed Faynan, the professor elaborated.

Bienkowski noted that hundreds of sites in the Negev Highlands were settled by pastoralists who found employment both in production and transport in the burgeoning copper industry. But the early Iron Age copper production at Faynan was short-lived.

It was abandoned by the end of the 9th century BC, and was unconnected to the development of Edomite settlement in the highlands one hundred years later.

There is clear evidence that Faynan copper was exported across the Mediterranean.

"Lead isotope and chemical bulk analysis indicate that the copper of tripod cauldrons at Olympia in Greece, dating c. 950-750 BC, was produced in Faynan, demonstrating a long-standing and well organised trade network from Faynan to the Mediterranean."

"It is likely that the main port for exports of Faynan copper was Gaza. Ingots made of Faynan copper at the Neve Yam shipwreck off the Carmel coast, dated to the Late Bronze Age/early Iron Age, indicates that they had probably embarked from Gaza," Bienkowski underlined.

Also, Egyptian royal figurines of the Twenty-first Dynasty (late 11th century BC), made of Arabah copper, would have been transported through Gaza, traditionally the main centre of Egyptian influence in the southern Levant.

As to the decline in copper exploitation at Faynan: From the late 10th/early 9th century BC at Faynan, there is a long process of regression, with reduction of administrative control, abandonment or re-use of the elite buildings, and abandonment of copper-production sites, and all copper production had ceased by the end of the 9th century BC, Bienkowski said.

The professor noted that this decline in evidence for administrative oversight is undoubtedly linked to the abandonment of Tel Masos in the mid-9th century BC.

"By the late 10th/early 9th centuries BC, Cypriot copper production had intensified and there is evidence of its trade to Phoenicia. This coincides with the reduction of administrative control at Faynan and the abandonment of Masos, and it is likely that they were negatively impacted by this more competitive copper market," Bienkowski emphasised.

A systematic trade network from Faynan to the Levantine coast and then to the Aegean does not organise itself: it requires economic and political negotiation with trade partners and complex logistical arrangements, such as setting and agreement of schedules and deadlines, organisation of production, storage, packing and transport, protection for the trade caravans, and financial transactions.

While there is evidence at Faynan (and at Masos) in the 10th century of an elite, administrative layer that would have been responsible for those tasks – and which initially established the trade network reflected in the finds from Olympia – this disappeared and there is no such evidence after the early 9th century BC, Bienkowski elaborated.

"The evidence suggests that, from the early 9th century BC on, the Faynan copper industry may have lacked the leadership and administrative infrastructure to compete with the renewed Cypriot trade," the scholar said.

"It continued to produce copper, at a reduced number of sites, and probably traded it to established markets, but, lacking the capacity to negotiate and compete in a changing market with new players, it finally petered out by the end of the 9th century BC," Bienkowski underscored.

Arab League calls for immediate action to end Israeli aggression on Gaza

By - Mar 20,2025 - Last updated at Mar 20,2025

Jordan's permanent representative to the Arab League Amjad Adaileh on Wednesday participates in an emergency meeting of the Arab League Council (Petra photo)

AMMAN — Jordan's permanent representative to the Arab League Amjad Adaileh on Wednesday participated in an emergency meeting of the Arab League Council.

The extraordinary session, chaired by Yemen, was convened at the request of Palestine and supported by several Arab states, the Jordan News Agency, Petra, reported.

The meeting focused on the escalating situation in the Palestinian territories, particularly in light of Israel's renewed aggression against Gaza, which has included direct bombardment of densely populated civilian areas.

The escalation comes as Gaza’s residents endure an unprecedented humanitarian crisis, exacerbated by the ongoing blockade and widespread destruction caused by relentless airstrikes, according to the statement.

The devastation has led to a complete collapse of the region’s infrastructure, along with severe shortages of food, medicine, and water, while international calls for action remain largely unanswered.

The meeting called for immediate measures to halt the aggression, provide urgent protection for Palestinian civilians, and lift the unjust blockade on Gaza.

It also emphasised the Palestinian people's right to self-determination and the establishment of an independent state. The Arab League also urged immediate action to stop Israeli massacres and hold those responsible accountable in international courts.

Health minister opens 6 new warehouses, vaccination centre in Irbid

By - Mar 20,2025 - Last updated at Mar 20,2025

Health Minister Firas Hawari on Wednesday inaugurates six newly developed drug storage warehouses and a regional vaccination centre in Irbid, northern Jordan (Petra photo)

AMMAN — Health Minister Firas Hawari on Wednesday inaugurated six newly developed drug storage warehouses and a regional vaccination centre in Irbid, northern Jordan.

The facilities, funded by the European Union (EU) and developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) office in Jordan, aim to enhance the Kingdom’s medical supply chain, according to the Jordan News Agency, Petra.

The opening ceremony was attended by EU Ambassador to Jordan Pierre-Christophe Chatzisavas, WHO Regional Director for the Eastern Mediterranean Hanan Balkhi, WHO Representative in Jordan Jamila Raabi, and several senior Ministry of Health officials.

Hawari said that the new warehouses and vaccination centre are part of broader efforts to modernise Jordan’s healthcare infrastructure, ensuring the efficient and equitable distribution of medicines and vaccines in line with the government’s Economic Modernisation Vision.

“This initiative follows the establishment of the Strategic Medical Stockpile warehouse in Yajouz, inaugurated by His Majesty King Abdullah last year. These new facilities will now support regional stores, hospitals, health directorates, and primary healthcare centres in the north,” Hawari said.

The expanded northern warehouses now have a total capacity of 2,650 cubic metres, featuring specialised shelving systems, a refrigerated storage unit of 75 cubic metres for temperature-sensitive medicines, and a fleet of refrigerated medical transport vehicles to ensure safe and efficient distribution.

The project, valued at JD850,000, is expected to enhance Jordan’s ability to manage medical supplies effectively.

Hawari expressed appreciation for the EU’s support and the WHO’s role in implementing the project, highlighting that these improvements will bolster Jordan’s response to health emergencies and align with international supply chain standards.

The regional vaccination centre, spanning 480 square metres, is equipped with two cold storage rooms with a combined capacity of 80 cubic metres, alongside additional storage space for dry goods and medical supplies totalling 160 cubic metres.

Built to international standards, the centre is designed to enhance vaccine safety, efficiency, and cost-effective distribution. The facility was developed at a cost of JD400,000.

Chatzisavas commended the project as a key milestone in Jordan’s progress towards universal health coverage, noting that the EU’s 43 million euro healthcare programme is instrumental in strengthening Jordan’s medical supply chain and benefiting both Jordanians and Syrian refugees.

Balkhi stressed that equitable access to safe, high-quality, and affordable medicines and vaccines is crucial for effective healthcare delivery. She noted that the infrastructure improvements align with WHO’s regional initiatives aimed at ensuring sustainable access to medical supplies.

Raabi said that these facilities are part of a larger EU-funded initiative that includes the construction or renovation of 14 warehouses across Jordan.

By the end of March, the project will establish a nationwide network of modern medical storage infrastructure, meeting international standards.

Jordanian field hospital in southern Gaza treats dozens after Israeli airstrikes

By - Mar 20,2025 - Last updated at Mar 20,2025

The Jordanian field hospital in southern Gaza on Tuesday treats dozens of injured civilians following a new wave of Israeli airstrikes on the Strip (Petra photo)

AMMAN — The Jordanian field hospital in southern Gaza on Tuesday treated dozens of injured civilians following a new wave of Israeli airstrikes on the Strip, providing emergency first aid and critical care to the wounded.

According to the hospital's commander, 24 people were admitted for treatment after sustaining injuries in the Israeli bombardment of Khan Younis, the Jordan News Agency, Petra, reported.

The hospital director said that the injuries included internal bleeding, abdominal trauma requiring surgery, complex fractures, brain and arterial injuries, pneumothorax, pulmonary haemorrhage, and shrapnel wounds. He emphasised that patients received specialised medical care through the hospital’s surgical units and emergency facilities.

Since beginning its mission on January 12, the Jordanian Field Hospital South Gaza has treated 32,414 medical cases, performed more than 1,237 major and minor surgeries, and fitted 403 prosthetic limbs as part of the "Restoring Hope" initiative for Gaza.

Jordan runs two military field hospitals in Gaza, one in the Strip's north, which was established in 2009 following the war in 2008.

The second was established in Khan Younis in the south in November 2023 at the peak of the Israeli war of aggression on the coastal enclave that erupted on October 7, 2023.

Besides the field hospitals in Gaza, the JAF established the Jordanian field hospital in Nablus in late November 2023. It has conducted over 900 surgeries and has received more than 83,000 patients ever since.

.

King from Paris: Israel’s resumption of attacks on Gaza a dangerous step that worsens dire humanitarian situation

By - Mar 19,2025 - Last updated at Mar 19,2025

His Majesty King Abdullah, during statements to the press with France President Emmanuel Macron at Élysée Palace in Paris, stressed that Israel’s resumption of its attacks on Gaza is an extremely dangerous step that adds further destruction to an already deteriorating humanitarian situation (Photo courtesy of Royal Court)

  • His Majesty says forced displacement of Palestinians in West Bank, Gaza threatens to expand conflict, further destabilise region 
  • President Macron says France, Europe are ready to support Gaza reconstruction plan presented by Arab leaders
  
AMMAN - His Majesty King Abdullah on Wednesday said that Israel’s resumption of its attacks on Gaza is an extremely dangerous step that adds further destruction and despair to the already dire humanitarian situation.
 
During joint press statements with French President Emmanuel Macron at Élysée Palace in Paris, His Majesty called on the international community to take immediate action to restore the ceasefire and ensure that all phases are implemented, according to a Royal Court statement. 
 
The King stressed that Israel’s continued attacks and blockade of aid, water and electricity to Gaza are threatening the lives of Palestinians residing there and escalating the devastating conditions that they are already facing, highlighting the need for an immediate resumption of aid flow.
 
His Majesty expressed appreciation for France’s support of the Gaza reconstruction plan that was presented at the Extraordinary Arab Summit in Egypt, which outlines an effective framework to rebuild the Strip and preserve the rights of Palestinians without displacing them, the statement said.
 
The King said that his meeting with President Macron is part of ongoing coordination over the past months, working to achieve peace and stability in the Middle East, emphasising Jordan’s keenness to continue strengthening its strong strategic partnership with France.
 
His Majesty highlighted Jordan’s efforts to provide humanitarian assistance to the people of Gaza by land and air, noting that Jordan began medical evacuations of sick and injured children from Gaza to the Kingdom, where they will receive treatment.
 
The King commended France for its role in working with Jordan to deliver humanitarian aid to Gaza, especially through the airdrop operations.
 
His Majesty also noted that the forced displacement of Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza threatens to expand the conflict and further destabilise the region, calling for a halt to Israel’s alarming escalation of the situation in the West Bank, which has led to more than 40,000 Palestinians being displaced this year.
 
The King reiterated the need for an immediate end to Israel’s violations of Muslim and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem, noting that continued attacks on Palestinians and their property, and violations of international law undermine the prospects of peace, according to the statement. 
 
His Majesty added that a political solution that leads to peace on the basis of the two-state solution is the only way to ensure the security of Palestinians, Israelis, and the entire region, praising the active and pivotal role of France and Europe in this regard.
 
Speaking about Syria, the King affirmed Jordan’s support for Syria's efforts to preserve its security, stability, and territorial integrity, and to protect its citizens.
 
His Majesty noted that Syria urgently needs international support for its efforts to rebuild, and to create suitable conditions for the voluntary and safe return of refugees.
 
For his part, President Macron said France and Europe are ready to support the Gaza reconstruction plan presented by Arab leaders, adding that the plan will be discussed tomorrow at the European Council, according to the statement. 
 
Macron also noted that the plan proposes a credible framework, including security guarantees and new governments, which will help consolidate the ceasefire.
 
The French president said efforts to secure a stable future for the peoples of the region requires political courage, which His Majesty has amply demonstrated during these difficult times.
 
He also stressed that Israeli and Palestinian leaders must follow His Majesty’s example, as actions to the opposite will lead to extremism, which will push people into decades of further suffering and repetition of current and past tragedies.
 
Speaking about the Palestinian issue, the French president said that there is a missing part of the Abrahamic Accords — a Palestinian state that will finally restore to Palestinians their legitimate rights, which will defuse any attempts to exploit the Palestinian cause by those who seek to expand their control. 
 
He added that this must be done in a way that also guarantees Israel’s security, and that it is important for all countries in the region to be involved.
 
President Macron said France is working hard for a ceasefire in Gaza, stressing that the resumption of Israel’s strikes, despite the efforts of mediators, is a dramatic setback for Palestinians in Gaza, who are now under bombardment again.
 
On bilateral relations, the French President emphasised that political and security cooperation with Jordan is more necessary than ever in light of the current regional developments, stressing France’s commitment to standing with Jordan and Jordanians in light of these challenges, the statement said.
 
He added that the recent signing of the EU-Jordan Strategic and Comprehensive Partnership is testament to the close ties and friendship between Jordan and France.
 
He also noted that the King’s visit provides an opportunity to work on strengthening bilateral cooperation in the military, economic, humanitarian and development fields.
 
President Macron commended Jordan’s commitment to peace and stability, whether through the treatment of 2,000 wounded children from Gaza on its territory, its role in supporting Syria, or its efforts to combat terrorism through the Aqaba Process initiative.
 
Following the joint statements, the two leaders held bilateral talks followed by expanded ones on the deep-rooted ties between Jordan and France and ways to enhance them.
 
The talks also addressed regional developments and the two countries’ joint efforts to achieve peace and stability in the Middle East.
 
Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ayman Safadi, Director of the Office of His Majesty Alaa Batayneh, and Jordan’s Ambassador to France Lina Al Hadid attended the talks.

Prince El Hassan marks 78th birthday

By - Mar 19,2025 - Last updated at Mar 19,2025

HRH Prince El Hassan Bin Talal

AMMAN — Today, Thursday, marks HRH Prince El Hassan Bin Talal’s 78th birthday.  For decades, and particularly over the past year, His Highness has remained a steadfast advocate for a balanced path toward progress, following an approach that integrates peace-building, sustainable development, and environmental conservation. 

On the regional level, Prince El Hassan has consistently supported greater integration between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula, spearheading initiatives to foster cooperation, resilience, and shared prosperity.

Among his notable efforts are calls for the establishment of an Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) to promote inclusive and equitable development, the creation of a Water and Energy Community to ensure the sustainable and fair management of vital resources, and the foundation of the Levant Citizens' Assembly to empower civil society in shaping the region’s future. 

At the heart of His Highness’s vision lies the responsibility of all societies, communities, and nations to uphold protection and respect. He firmly believes in the importance of regional cooperation and sustainable development centred on human dignity, achieved through prioritising respect over divisive hatred and empowering individuals to actively contribute to their communities.

Prince El Hassan will continue to encourage participation in shaping the region’s future, reinforcing the belief that every individual plays a crucial role in the collective journey toward peace and prosperity.

Prince Hassan bin Talal is celebrating his birthday at home with his family.

Lower House approves key amendments to Customs Law

By - Mar 19,2025 - Last updated at Mar 19,2025

The Lower House on Wednesday approves the first 13 articles of the 2025 draft amendments to the Customs Law (Petra photo)

AMMAN — The Lower House on Wednesday approved the first 13 articles of the 2025 draft amendments to the Customs Law.

During the session, chaired by Speaker Ahmad Safadi and attended by government officials, Minister of Political and Parliamentary Affairs Abdul Monem Awdat described the amendments as “critical and highly significant.”

He emphasized that the changes would enhance the efficiency of customs clearance, reduce costs, and shorten processing times for traders, ultimately benefiting consumers, the Jordan News Agency, Petra, reported.

Director General of the Jordan Customs Department Brig. Gen. Ahmad Akalik reassured lawmakers that the reforms would not jeopardise workers' rights or result in job losses, stressing that the amendments would create new job opportunities, particularly in electronic monitoring and surveillance.

The introduction of digital controls, he said, would allow traders to track their shipments in real-time, while still maintaining traditional physical inspections by customs staff.

Several MPs voiced their support for the amendments, noting that they would streamline procedures for businesses and close existing loopholes in the current law.

In response to concerns about high customs tariffs, some lawmakers pointed out that Jordan’s tariffs on essential goods are lower than those in many other countries by about 35 per cent while some basic goods are subject to zero tariffs.

One of the main points of debate revolved around the timeframe for implementing the amended law. While the government had proposed a 30-day implementation period after the law’s publication in the Official Gazette, the Lower House extended it to 60 days, overriding the government’s recommendation.

The amendments empower customs authorities to verify the actual existence of imported goods and examine related records through both digital and physical inspections. Officials will have the authority to inspect goods, collect samples and apply risk management protocols in line with ministerial guidelines.

In response to concerns about smuggling penalties, the changes specify that customs duties and taxes on smuggled goods will now be based on their assessed value at the time of seizure, rather than their value at the time of discovery.

Additionally, the new law stipulates that the value of goods for customs purposes will be determined based on whichever is higher: their assessed market value or their final sale price. Customs officials will also have the power to suspend clearance procedures if there is credible evidence of trademark or copyright infringement, even before definitive proof is established.

Under the amendments, traders will be allowed to request modifications to customs declarations after submission, as long as customs inspections have not yet commenced. Customs authorities will also be permitted to conduct audits and inspections within three months of goods being cleared.

The Economic and Investment Parliamentary Committee, which previously endorsed the amendments, highlighted that the reforms aim to improve customs efficiency, attract investment, and align Jordan’s trade regulations with international standards. The updated draft law also introduces provisions for electronic notifications regarding customs-related decisions.

Jordan condemns assassination attempt on Somali president

By - Mar 19,2025 - Last updated at Mar 19,2025

AMMAN — Jordan on Wednesday condemned the assassination attempt on Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud in Mogadishu.

Foreign Ministry spokesperson Sufian Qudah stressed Jordan’s unequivocal rejection of all forms of political violence, particularly attacks targeting public and political figures, according to a Ministry statement.

He also expressed Jordan’s solidarity with Somalia, emphasising the Kingdom’s full support for President Mohamud, his family, and the Somali people in the wake of the tragic incident.

 

TRC introduces new delivery regulations to improve safety, service quality

By - Mar 19,2025 - Last updated at Mar 19,2025

AMMAN – Jordan's Telecommunications Regulatory Commission (TRC) has announced new regulations for delivery services, a move that is expected to significantly impact the country’s restaurant sector.

The regulations, which apply to motorbike and vehicle-based deliveries, aim to enhance service quality, improve driver safety, and strengthen regulatory oversight in an industry that has become essential to restaurant operations, according to a TRC statement shared with The Jordan Times.

Under the new framework, delivery platforms and service providers will be required to meet stricter standards, including more rigorous driver verification processes, performance monitoring, and the use of vehicles that comply with updated safety regulations. Additionally, the TRC is creating a centralised driver database to increase transparency and accountability.

For restaurant owners, the regulations present both challenges and opportunities. While some see the new rules as a positive step toward professionalising the industry, others are concerned about the potential for increased costs and operational disruptions.

“These rules will enhance service reliability and driver safety, benefiting both businesses and customers,” said Anas Rateb, owner of a local restaurant in Amman. “However, the added compliance costs could become a burden for many businesses.”

Omar Awad, president of the Jordan Association for Restaurants and Sweet Shops Owners, emphasised the transformative effect that online food delivery has had on the industry. “Many restaurants now rely heavily on digital platforms to reach customers,” he said. “While we expect some initial disruptions as companies adjust, these regulations could lead to a more stable and efficient delivery ecosystem in the long term.”

The new rules come at a time when restaurants are already grappling with high inflation and shifting consumer preferences. Some industry players worry that smaller establishments may struggle to meet the new delivery standards without passing the additional costs onto customers.“Increased oversight is beneficial, but it must be accompanied by support measures for the sector,” Awad said.

Jordan condemns Israeli strikes, reiterates support for Syria’s sovereignty

By - Mar 19,2025 - Last updated at Mar 19,2025

Jordan on Wednesday condemns the Israeli airstrikes on Syrian territory, which resulted in multiple casualties (Petra photo)

AMMAN — Jordan on Wednesday condemned the Israeli airstrikes on Syria, which resulted in multiple casualties.

 

In a statement on Wednesday, the Foreign Ministry described the attacks as a "blatant violation of international law, an infringement on Syria's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and a dangerous escalation that exacerbates regional tensions and conflict."

 

Ministry spokesperson Sufian Qudah reiteratedJordan’s support for Syria’s security, stability, and sovereignty. He also urged the international community to uphold its legal and moral responsibilities by pressuring Israel to stop its illegal provocations and occupation of Syrian territory.

 

Qudah also emphasised the need for Israel to comply with international law and relevant UN resolutions, which mandate respect for state sovereignty and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries.

Pages

Pages



Newsletter

Get top stories and blog posts emailed to you each day.

PDF