ACCRA — Ghanaian trader Mohammed Biney was already struggling when the government passed a new tax on electronic money transactions this year to try to revive the economy.
With Ghana now buckling under nearly 30 per cent inflation, the Accra shoe seller was shocked when the government announced in July it would have to seek help from the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
President Nana Akufo-Addo once promised "Ghana Beyond Aid" to keep his West African country off foreign aid dependency.
But a sudden U-turn over an IMF credit has sparked fierce debate over his economic management as Ghana struggles with the highest costs of living in two decades.
"You can't impose taxes on us under the guise of saving the economy and then overnight come and tell us you're going to the IMF," trader Biney said.
"I think they ran out of ideas."
Hit by the global pandemic and fallout from the Russian war in Ukraine on fuel and food prices, Ghana is in talks with IMF to help stabilise its public finances.
But the decision prompted fears IMF-imposed austerity measures will force the end to Akufo-Addo's social programmes and hurt Ghanaians already struggling with soaring costs.
A new opposition-led protest movement and unions threatening strikes over hardships have added pressure on the government just as an IMF team begins initial talks.
Saddled with heavy debt, limited access to fresh funds and few revenue options, the government says the IMF offers short-term help.
Ghana's Deputy Finance Minister Abena Osei-Asare said after the pandemic eroded economic gains, the IMF deal would help with balance of payments and open the door to new financing while protecting social programmes.
"People don't have an understanding of the sort of engagement we're going to have with the IMF that's why they are a bit apprehensive," she said.
Soaring inflation
Ghana's economic data is not rosy. Growth slowed this year while inflation broke two decade highs at 29.8 per cent in June, driven by transport and food costs.
Ghana's debt to gross domestic product ratio — a measure of what it owes against what it produces — rose from 65 per cent to 80 per cent during the pandemic, the IMF says.
Moody's credit agency in February downgraded its outlook on Ghana's bonds, citing the government's liquidity and debt challenges.
"Ghana's fiscal and debt vulnerabilities are worsening fast amid an increasingly difficult external environment," the IMF said after the team's visit this month.
"An IMF-supported program aims to provide space for Ghana to implement policies."
This deal will be the 18th time Ghana has gone to the IMF after completing a three-year accord in 2019 which saw $918 million in support.
Just in May, Finance Minister Ken Ofori-Atta said an IMF deal was not an option, with the government preferring "home-grown" solutions.
One of those, Ghana's new electronic transaction tax or E-levy, was meant to help raise $900 million in much-needed revenue along with spending cuts.
But the tax was widely criticised and as people curtailed electronic payments, the E-levy has also fallen far short of revenue estimates.
Gabby Otchere-Darko, a leading ruling party member, tweeted in June the tax had only generated 10 per cent of estimated revenues.
"Given the situation that we find ourselves... we have no option," John Kwakye, the director of research at the Accra-based IEA think tank, said of the IMF deal.
"Going to the IMF was to build on our credibility."
Electoral fallout?
But even with elections still two years away, an IMF deal will likely have political fallout.
Teaching unions went on strike earlier this month until the government agreed to cost of living allowances. Other public sector workers are threatening action.
A "Fix the Country" movement, which holds regular if small protests, has been joined by another group "Arise Ghana". Last month its rally over economic hardships led to clashes with the police.
"The solution to Ghana's problems doesn't lie in Washington," Yaw Baah, secretary general of the Trades Union Congress said. "This is a tragic mistake by the government."
Eurasia Group's Africa head Amaka Anku told clients the IMF programme will make it harder for Akufo-Addo's New Patriotic Party to argue they are better economic managers.
That may weaken the position of likely NPP candidate for 2024 Vice President Mahamudu Bawumia though his probably opponent National Democratic Congress or NDC leader and ex-president John Mahama also faces challenges.
"Bottom-line, this makes for a very close election in 2024," Anku said.
Already the opposition has hit out.
"President Akufo-Addo and Dr Mahamudu Bawumia should take full responsibility for incompetently managing the economy," said NDC lawmaker Haruna Iddrisu.
"The government must come clean and tell us what the people of Ghana should expect instead of blaming Ukraine and Russia."
