Small US banks use enlarged deposit guarantee to compete with giants

NEW YORK — In the wake of the latest US banking meltdown, small lenders might appear vulnerable to an exodus of depositors fleeing for larger banks.

US banking rules guarantee deposits of up to $250,000, meaning that customers with larger holdings face losses if the bank goes under.

The implications of this rule became painfully clear with the collapse of Silicon Valley Bank (SVB) in early March after it suffered a run from customers with holdings exceeding the $250,000 Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) threshold.

Federal data shows that some depositors at small banks did head for the exits, moving some $120 billion in a single week into larger banks sometimes viewed as too big to fail.

But minnows like Leader Bank of Massachusetts and Heritage Bank of Minnesota also have a solution to the issue that enables them to pitch themselves as safe options for those seeking to safeguard sums well beyond the $250,000 FDIC limit.

Leader Bank can guarantee up to $100 million in deposits from individuals through a technology platform run by fintech company IntraFi, that essentially helps to distribute the funds among a network of large and small banks.

This system of reciprocal deposits — which has been getting more attention since the SVB collapse — allows banks to accept large deposits well beyond $250,000 while still guaranteeing clients they will be federally insured.

The programme appealed to Jennifer Klepper, a cofounder of the startup Early Works, who began looking at different cash management options last fall.

The goal was to take advantage of higher interest rates, while making sure the money was federally insured.

"We considered putting $250,000 in each bank," said Klepper.

But that option was an "accounting nightmare", leading Klepper to a programme offered by Heritage Bank.

Safer than big bank? 

The IntraFi venture and similar offerings from American Deposit Management and Wintrust, though compliant with US law, have not escaped criticism.

Former FDIC Chair Sheila Bair has accused the ventures of "just gaming the FDIC rules", arguing it adds moral hazard.

The FDIC "takes all the credit risk", resulting in "much bigger costs to the FDIC", she said.

But Jay Tuli, president of Leader Bank, counters that the programme mitigates risk "because it spreads the concentration of large depositors among many banks, not just a select few".

Further, such reciprocal deposit programs "can help reduce the risk of bank runs because insured depositors have no reason to participate in bank runs, much less start them", said Tom Geiger, chief executive of Heritage Bank.

Since SVB failed, there has been discussion in Washington of raising the $250,000 FDIC limit, but no consensus has emerged thus far.

In any case, small banks have not always been eager to tout reciprocal deposits.

Bank employees "are very hesitant to mention deposit insurance", said Geiger, adding that the fear is that borrowers will think "maybe there's something wrong with this bank".

This reticence also explains why reciprocal lending programmes are better known even though they have been around since the early 2000s.

"It's really unfortunate, because... we have this great tool at our disposal," said Geiger.

But the latest crisis has refocused attention on the FDIC limits, said Tuli of Leader, which added 100 new business clients in the week after SVB failed.

"We probably brought in like, you know, six months of business in one week," Tuli said. "We gained a lot of clients since SVB."

Consciousness of the FDIC limits is also much higher in the startup world post-SVB, said Klepper.

"There's a lot more awareness now," said Klepper. "We're starting to see more banks advertising their [reciprocal deposit programmes] because people are now thinking about it."